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//! `TracingEvent` receiver.
use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
use tracing_core::{
dispatcher::{self, Dispatch},
field::{self, FieldSet, Value, ValueSet},
span::{Attributes, Id, Record},
Event, Field, Metadata,
};
use std::{
collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
error, fmt, mem,
};
mod arena;
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests;
use self::arena::ARENA;
use crate::{CallSiteData, MetadataId, RawSpanId, TracedValue, TracedValues, TracingEvent};
enum CowValue<'a> {
Borrowed(&'a dyn Value),
Owned(Box<dyn Value + 'a>),
}
impl fmt::Debug for CowValue<'_> {
fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
match self {
Self::Borrowed(_) => formatter.debug_struct("Borrowed").finish_non_exhaustive(),
Self::Owned(_) => formatter.debug_struct("Owned").finish_non_exhaustive(),
}
}
}
impl<'a> CowValue<'a> {
fn as_ref(&self) -> &(dyn Value + 'a) {
match self {
Self::Borrowed(value) => value,
Self::Owned(boxed) => boxed.as_ref(),
}
}
}
impl TracedValue {
fn as_value(&self) -> CowValue<'_> {
CowValue::Borrowed(match self {
Self::Bool(value) => value,
Self::Int(value) => value,
Self::UInt(value) => value,
Self::Float(value) => value,
Self::String(value) => value,
Self::Object(value) => return CowValue::Owned(Box::new(field::debug(value))),
Self::Error(err) => {
let err = err as &(dyn error::Error + 'static);
return CowValue::Owned(Box::new(err));
}
})
}
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
struct SpanData {
metadata_id: MetadataId,
#[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
parent_id: Option<RawSpanId>,
ref_count: usize,
values: TracedValues<String>,
}
/// Information about span / event [`Metadata`] that is [serializable] and thus
/// can be persisted across multiple [`TracingEventReceiver`] lifetimes.
///
/// `PersistedMetadata` logically corresponds to a program executable (e.g., a WASM module),
/// not to its particular execution (e.g., a WASM module instance).
/// Multiple executions of the same executable can (and optimally should)
/// share `PersistedMetadata`.
///
/// [serializable]: https://docs.rs/serde/1/serde
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, Serialize, Deserialize)]
#[serde(transparent)]
pub struct PersistedMetadata {
inner: HashMap<MetadataId, CallSiteData>,
}
impl PersistedMetadata {
/// Returns the number of metadata entries.
pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
self.inner.len()
}
/// Checks whether this metadata collection is empty (i.e., no metadata was recorded yet).
pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
self.inner.is_empty()
}
/// Iterates over contained call site metadata together with the corresponding
/// [`MetadataId`]s.
pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (MetadataId, &CallSiteData)> + '_ {
self.inner.iter().map(|(id, data)| (*id, data))
}
/// Merges entries from another `PersistedMetadata` instance.
pub fn extend(&mut self, other: Self) {
self.inner.extend(other.inner);
}
}
/// Information about alive tracing spans for a particular execution that is (de)serializable and
/// can be persisted across multiple [`TracingEventReceiver`] lifetimes.
///
/// Unlike [`PersistedMetadata`], `PersistedSpans` are specific to an executable invocation
/// (e.g., a WASM module instance). Compared to [`LocalSpans`], `PersistedSpans` have
/// the lifetime of the execution and not the host [`Subscriber`].
///
/// [`Subscriber`]: tracing_core::Subscriber
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, Serialize, Deserialize)]
#[serde(transparent)]
pub struct PersistedSpans {
inner: HashMap<RawSpanId, SpanData>,
}
impl PersistedSpans {
/// Returns the number of alive spans.
pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
self.inner.len()
}
/// Checks whether this span collection is empty (i.e., no spans were recorded yet).
pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
self.inner.is_empty()
}
}
/// [`Subscriber`]-specific information about tracing spans for a particular execution
/// (e.g., a WASM module instance).
///
/// Unlike [`PersistedSpans`], this information is not serializable and lives along with
/// the host [`Subscriber`]. It is intended to be placed in something like
/// (an initially empty) `HashMap<K, LocalSpans>`, where `K` denotes the execution ID.
///
/// [`Subscriber`]: tracing_core::Subscriber
#[derive(Debug, Default)]
pub struct LocalSpans {
inner: HashMap<RawSpanId, Id>,
}
/// Error processing a [`TracingEvent`] by a [`TracingEventReceiver`].
#[derive(Debug)]
#[non_exhaustive]
pub enum ReceiveError {
/// The event contains a reference to an unknown [`Metadata`] ID.
UnknownMetadataId(MetadataId),
/// The event contains a reference to an unknown span ID.
UnknownSpanId(RawSpanId),
/// The event contains too many values.
TooManyValues {
/// Maximum supported number of values per event.
max: usize,
/// Actual number of values.
actual: usize,
},
}
impl fmt::Display for ReceiveError {
fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
match self {
Self::UnknownMetadataId(id) => write!(formatter, "unknown metadata ID: {id}"),
Self::UnknownSpanId(id) => write!(formatter, "unknown span ID: {id}"),
Self::TooManyValues { max, actual } => write!(
formatter,
"too many values provided ({actual}), should be no more than {max}"
),
}
}
}
impl error::Error for ReceiveError {}
macro_rules! create_value_set {
($fields:ident, $values:ident, [$($i:expr,)+]) => {
match $values.len() {
0 => $fields.value_set(&[]),
$(
$i => $fields.value_set(<&[_; $i]>::try_from($values).unwrap()),
)+
_ => unreachable!(),
}
};
}
/// Container for non-persisted information specific to a particular traced execution.
#[derive(Debug, Default)]
struct CurrentExecution {
uncommitted_span_ids: HashSet<RawSpanId>,
entered_span_ids: HashSet<RawSpanId>,
}
impl CurrentExecution {
fn remove_span(&mut self, id: RawSpanId) {
self.entered_span_ids.remove(&id);
self.uncommitted_span_ids.remove(&id);
}
fn finalize(&mut self, local_spans: &LocalSpans) {
for id in mem::take(&mut self.entered_span_ids) {
if let Some(local_id) = local_spans.inner.get(&id) {
TracingEventReceiver::dispatch(|dispatch| dispatch.exit(local_id));
}
}
for id in mem::take(&mut self.uncommitted_span_ids) {
if let Some(local_id) = local_spans.inner.get(&id) {
TracingEventReceiver::dispatch(|dispatch| dispatch.try_close(local_id.clone()));
}
}
}
}
/// Receiver of [`TracingEvent`]s produced by [`TracingEventSender`] that relays them
/// to the tracing infrastructure.
///
/// The receiver takes care of persisting [`Metadata`] / spans that can outlive
/// the lifetime of the host program (not just the `TracingEventReceiver` instance!).
/// As an example, in [the Tardigrade runtime], a consumer instance is created each time
/// a workflow is executed. It relays tracing events from the workflow logic (executed in WASM)
/// to the host.
///
/// In some cases, the execution tracked by `TracingEventReceiver` may finish abnormally.
/// (E.g., a WASM module instance panics while it has the `panic = abort` set
/// in the compilation options.) In these cases, all entered
/// spans are force-exited when the receiver is dropped. Additionally, spans created
/// by the execution are closed on drop as long as they are not [persisted](Self::persist()).
/// That is, persistence acts as a commitment of the execution results, while the default
/// behavior is rollback.
///
/// # ⚠ Resource consumption
///
/// To fit the API of the [`tracing-core`] crate, the receiver leaks string parts
/// of [`CallSiteData`]: we need a `&'static str` when we only have a `String`. Steps are taken
/// to limit the amount of leaked memory; we use a `static` string arena which checks whether
/// a particular string was already leaked, and reuses the existing `&'static str` if possible.
/// Still, this has negative implications regarding both memory consumption and performance,
/// so you probably should limit the number of executables to use with a `TracingEventReceiver`.
/// The number of *executions* of each executable is not a limiting factor.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// See [crate-level docs](index.html) for an example of usage.
///
/// [`TracingEventSender`]: crate::TracingEventSender
/// [the Tardigrade runtime]: https://github.com/slowli/tardigrade
/// [`tracing-core`]: https://docs.rs/tracing-core/
#[derive(Debug, Default)]
pub struct TracingEventReceiver {
metadata: HashMap<MetadataId, &'static Metadata<'static>>,
spans: PersistedSpans,
local_spans: LocalSpans,
current_execution: CurrentExecution,
}
impl TracingEventReceiver {
/// Maximum supported number of values in a span or event.
const MAX_VALUES: usize = 32;
/// Restores the receiver from the persisted metadata and tracing spans.
///
/// A receiver will work fine if `local_spans` information is lost (e.g., reset to the default
/// empty value). However, this is likely to result in span leakage
/// in the underlying [`Subscriber`]. On the other hand, mismatch between `metadata` / `spans`
/// and the execution producing [`TracingEvent`]s is **bad**; it will most likely result
/// in errors returned from [`Self::try_receive()`].
///
/// [`Subscriber`]: tracing_core::Subscriber
pub fn new(
metadata: PersistedMetadata,
spans: PersistedSpans,
local_spans: LocalSpans,
) -> Self {
let mut this = Self {
metadata: HashMap::new(),
spans,
local_spans,
current_execution: CurrentExecution::default(),
};
for (id, data) in metadata.inner {
this.on_new_call_site(id, data);
}
this
}
fn dispatch<T>(dispatch_fn: impl FnOnce(&Dispatch) -> T) -> T {
dispatch_fn(&dispatcher::get_default(Dispatch::clone))
}
fn metadata(&self, id: MetadataId) -> Result<&'static Metadata<'static>, ReceiveError> {
self.metadata
.get(&id)
.copied()
.ok_or(ReceiveError::UnknownMetadataId(id))
}
fn span(&self, id: RawSpanId) -> Result<&SpanData, ReceiveError> {
self.spans
.inner
.get(&id)
.ok_or(ReceiveError::UnknownSpanId(id))
}
fn span_mut(&mut self, id: RawSpanId) -> Result<&mut SpanData, ReceiveError> {
self.spans
.inner
.get_mut(&id)
.ok_or(ReceiveError::UnknownSpanId(id))
}
/// Returns `Ok(None)` if the local span ID is (validly) not set yet, and `Err(_)`
/// if it must have been set by this point.
fn map_span_id(&self, remote_id: RawSpanId) -> Result<Option<&Id>, ReceiveError> {
match self.local_spans.inner.get(&remote_id) {
Some(local_id) => Ok(Some(local_id)),
None => {
// Check if the the referenced span is alive.
if self.spans.inner.contains_key(&remote_id) {
Ok(None)
} else {
Err(ReceiveError::UnknownSpanId(remote_id))
}
}
}
}
fn ensure_values_len(values: &TracedValues<String>) -> Result<(), ReceiveError> {
if values.len() > Self::MAX_VALUES {
return Err(ReceiveError::TooManyValues {
actual: values.len(),
max: Self::MAX_VALUES,
});
}
Ok(())
}
fn generate_fields<'a>(
metadata: &'static Metadata<'static>,
values: &'a TracedValues<String>,
) -> Vec<(Field, CowValue<'a>)> {
let fields = metadata.fields();
values
.iter()
.filter_map(|(field_name, value)| {
fields
.field(field_name)
.map(|field| (field, value.as_value()))
})
.collect()
}
fn expand_fields<'a>(
values: &'a [(Field, CowValue<'_>)],
) -> Vec<(&'a Field, Option<&'a dyn Value>)> {
values
.iter()
.map(|(field, value)| (field, Some(value.as_ref())))
.collect()
}
fn create_values<'a>(
fields: &'a FieldSet,
values: &'a [(&Field, Option<&dyn Value>)],
) -> ValueSet<'a> {
create_value_set!(
fields,
values,
[
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,
24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32,
]
)
}
fn on_new_call_site(&mut self, id: MetadataId, data: CallSiteData) {
let (metadata, is_new) = ARENA.alloc_metadata(data);
self.metadata.insert(id, metadata);
if is_new {
Self::dispatch(|dispatch| dispatch.register_callsite(metadata));
}
}
fn create_local_span(&self, data: &SpanData) -> Result<Id, ReceiveError> {
let metadata = self.metadata(data.metadata_id)?;
let local_parent_id = data
.parent_id
.map(|parent_id| self.map_span_id(parent_id))
.transpose()?
.flatten();
let value_set = Self::generate_fields(metadata, &data.values);
let value_set = Self::expand_fields(&value_set);
let value_set = Self::create_values(metadata.fields(), &value_set);
let attributes = if let Some(local_parent_id) = local_parent_id {
Attributes::child_of(local_parent_id.clone(), metadata, &value_set)
} else {
Attributes::new(metadata, &value_set)
};
Ok(Self::dispatch(|dispatch| dispatch.new_span(&attributes)))
}
/// Tries to consume an event and relays it to the tracing infrastructure.
///
/// # Errors
///
/// Fails if the event contains a bogus reference to a call site or a span, or if it contains
/// too many values. In general, an error can mean that the consumer was restored
/// from an incorrect persisted state, or that the event generator is bogus (e.g.,
/// not a [`TracingEventSender`]).
///
/// [`TracingEventSender`]: crate::TracingEventSender
#[allow(clippy::missing_panics_doc, clippy::map_entry)] // false positive
pub fn try_receive(&mut self, event: TracingEvent) -> Result<(), ReceiveError> {
match event {
TracingEvent::NewCallSite { id, data } => {
self.on_new_call_site(id, data);
}
TracingEvent::NewSpan {
id,
parent_id,
metadata_id,
values,
} => {
Self::ensure_values_len(&values)?;
let data = SpanData {
metadata_id,
parent_id,
ref_count: 1,
values,
};
if !self.local_spans.inner.contains_key(&id) {
let local_id = self.create_local_span(&data)?;
self.local_spans.inner.insert(id, local_id);
}
self.spans.inner.insert(id, data);
self.current_execution.uncommitted_span_ids.insert(id);
}
TracingEvent::FollowsFrom { id, follows_from } => {
let local_id = self.map_span_id(id)?;
let local_follows_from = self.map_span_id(follows_from)?;
// TODO: properly handle remaining cases
if let (Some(id), Some(follows_from)) = (local_id, local_follows_from) {
Self::dispatch(|dispatch| {
dispatch.record_follows_from(id, follows_from);
});
}
}
TracingEvent::SpanEntered { id } => {
let local_id = if let Some(id) = self.map_span_id(id)? {
id.clone()
} else {
let data = self.span(id)?;
let local_id = self.create_local_span(data)?;
self.local_spans.inner.insert(id, local_id.clone());
local_id
};
self.current_execution.entered_span_ids.insert(id);
Self::dispatch(|dispatch| dispatch.enter(&local_id));
}
TracingEvent::SpanExited { id } => {
if let Some(local_id) = self.map_span_id(id)? {
Self::dispatch(|dispatch| dispatch.exit(local_id));
}
self.current_execution.entered_span_ids.remove(&id);
}
TracingEvent::SpanCloned { id } => {
let span = self.span_mut(id)?;
span.ref_count += 1;
// Dispatcher is intentionally not called: we handle ref counting locally.
}
TracingEvent::SpanDropped { id } => {
let span = self.span_mut(id)?;
span.ref_count -= 1;
if span.ref_count == 0 {
self.spans.inner.remove(&id);
self.current_execution.remove_span(id);
if let Some(local_id) = self.local_spans.inner.remove(&id) {
Self::dispatch(|dispatch| dispatch.try_close(local_id.clone()));
}
}
}
TracingEvent::ValuesRecorded { id, values } => {
Self::ensure_values_len(&values)?;
if let Some(local_id) = self.map_span_id(id)? {
let metadata = self.metadata(self.spans.inner[&id].metadata_id)?;
let values = Self::generate_fields(metadata, &values);
let values = Self::expand_fields(&values);
let values = Self::create_values(metadata.fields(), &values);
let values = Record::new(&values);
Self::dispatch(|dispatch| dispatch.record(local_id, &values));
}
let span = self.span_mut(id)?;
span.values.extend(values);
}
TracingEvent::NewEvent {
metadata_id,
parent,
values,
} => {
Self::ensure_values_len(&values)?;
let metadata = self.metadata(metadata_id)?;
let values = Self::generate_fields(metadata, &values);
let values = Self::expand_fields(&values);
let values = Self::create_values(metadata.fields(), &values);
let parent = parent.map(|id| self.map_span_id(id)).transpose()?.flatten();
let event = if let Some(parent) = parent {
Event::new_child_of(parent.clone(), metadata, &values)
} else {
Event::new(metadata, &values)
};
Self::dispatch(|dispatch| dispatch.event(&event));
}
}
Ok(())
}
/// Consumes an event and relays it to the tracing infrastructure.
///
/// # Panics
///
/// Panics in the same cases when [`Self::try_receive()`] returns an error.
pub fn receive(&mut self, event: TracingEvent) {
self.try_receive(event)
.expect("received bogus tracing event");
}
/// Persists [`Metadata`] produced by the previously consumed events. The returned
/// metadata should be merged into the metadata provided to [`Self::new()`].
pub fn persist_metadata(&self) -> PersistedMetadata {
let inner = self
.metadata
.iter()
.map(|(&id, &metadata)| (id, CallSiteData::from(metadata)))
.collect();
PersistedMetadata { inner }
}
/// Returns persisted and local spans.
pub fn persist(mut self) -> (PersistedSpans, LocalSpans) {
self.current_execution.uncommitted_span_ids.clear();
let spans = mem::take(&mut self.spans);
let local_spans = mem::take(&mut self.local_spans);
self.current_execution.finalize(&local_spans);
(spans, local_spans)
}
}
impl Drop for TracingEventReceiver {
fn drop(&mut self) {
self.current_execution.finalize(&self.local_spans);
}
}